Wealth 21 : 2- give it have it

My wealth takes many forms. I tend a beautiful, lush garden that bursts into bloom in the sunshine I have faith that I am growing richer every day in many ways.

Abundance and prosperity are always available to me. "I have complete confidence in my ability to foster and creat wealth . I am always wealthy.

Riches flow into my life. I allow them to come to me from all directions, to wash over me, and fill me up. I am saturated with wealth.

I allow abundance to pour into my life, and I open myself to the "Universe's bounty. Wealth comes to me at the exact time Indeed it. "I have as much money as I need , and more.

Wealth 21 : 1 - Born Rich

A shimmering , golden fortune is mine

Wealth Flow into mee like a fertile river

Nurturing me enriching me and helping e produce all that I desire.

Inside me is sheer opulence. I am filled with riches teeming with possibilities. My tremendous

wealth is flowing forth nourishing my life and nourishing everyone around me.

I have all the wealth that I need. I savor the riches that are my birthright.

Infantry Fighting Vehicle ( IFV) , Singapore Bionix

The Bionix infantry fighting vehicle was developed by Singapore Technologies Automotives (now Singapore Technologies Engineering) and has been operational with the Singapore Armed Forces since 1999 in the form of the Bionix 25 and Bionix 40/50.
Bionix II (BXII) entered service with Singapore Armed Forces in October 2006 and was jointly developed by ST Engineering, the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) and the Singapore Army. Bionix II is also produced in a command variant.


"The Bionix infantry fighting vehicle was developed by Singapore Technologies Automotives."
Other vehicles in the Bionix family are the armoured recovery vehicle (ARV), fitted with a 25t winch and 30t crane, and armoured vehicle launched bridge (AVLB), fitted with an MLC30 bridge that can be launched under armour or by remote control. An infantry carrier vehicle (ICV) variant was developed by Singapore Technologies as a private venture and offered for the US Army's interim armoured vehicle, a competition won by the General Dynamics Stryker ICV.

Bionix II
Bionix II has common hull, power pack and suspension as the previous vehicles but is equipped with a network-enabled digital battle management system, a new ATK mk44 Bushmaster 30mm dual-feed cannon and modular armour package. It has a two-man turret and can accommodate up to ten troops. It is also armed with one 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and one 7.62mm general-purpose machine gun.
Bionix II has an improved day / night thermal sighting system (DNTSS) with a dual-axis stabilisation system for enhanced target tracking. An integrated eye-safe laser rangefinder has a range of up to 3km.

Bionix 25
Bionix 25 has a two-man turret and can accommodate ten troops. It is armed with an ATK M242 25mm Bushmaster dual-feed cannon with vertical and horizontal stabilisers. The cannon has 180 ready-to-fire 25mm rounds plus 420 rounds in the ammunition store. The cannon fires HEI and APFSDS rounds manufactured by Chartered Industries of Singapore (now Singapore Technologies Kinetics) under a licensed manufacturing agreement with Oerlikon Contraves.
The gunner has an 8x magnification day and thermal night sight with two fields of view for the 25mm cannon. A laser range finder can be optionally fitted to the day and night sight.
There are three general purpose 7.62mm machine guns, one mounted co-axially with the 25mm cannon, one roof-mounted for anti-aircraft use by the commander or gunner and one rear mounted gun on the right side. The vehicle has six 76mm smoke grenade launchers.

Bionix 40/50
Bionix 40/50 is fitted with a one-man 40/50 cupola manufactured by Chartered Industries of Singapore and can accommodate 11 troops. It has a twin weapon station with 40mm grenade launcher, 7.62mm and 12.7mm machine guns.

M16G Sniper Rifle 2

There are several things that need to be taken into consideration when building a long-range AR. The first is that it is very difficult to mount a long optic far enough forward. For SDM work, some of the 1 - about 4x type optics solve this problem and fulfill that role perfectly. At 1x the optic works basically as a reflex sight. adjusting to a higher magnification allows more precision at for longer ranges or smaller targets. Companies such as Leupold, Schmit & Bender, Valdada IOR, Millett, and Burris make this type of optic. I have used the Leupold, which requires more precise eye relief and head placement than I like for this type of optic. I would not recommend it for a harder recoiling rifle, but for 5.56 it serves just fine. I have never used Schmitt & Bender’s Shot Dot, but from all I have heard it is a superior optic, with a corresponding price. Valdada’s IOR optics are very impressive. Clear, bright, and containing very well designed reticles, they are built like tanks. I used an IOR optic when deployed and preferred it to any of the others I used (mostly Leupolds). Both the 1-4x and the 1.5-8x optics are very nice and provide great flexibility to the SDM. Millett’s DMR-1, while not a Schmitt & Bender by any means, provides solid quality for the price. Optics are clear and it works well at all magnifications. There is slight distortion around the edges of the sight picture at the one power setting, but it does not interfere with function and disappears as soon as the magnification is increased. The Burris optic looks like it should work well, but I have not yet had the opportunity to test one. It seems that most of the optics with ballistic drop compensating reticles for the 5.56 are designed for the M855 or or cartridges with similar trajectories.
For dedicated long-range shooting, more traditional scopes usually work if mounted as far forward as possible in standard rings. The charging handle generally will end up under the scope in this case and an extended charging handle such as Badger Ordnance’s Tactical Latch makes operation easier. Backup iron sights will rarely fit under the scope and would require removal of the optic if they did. I would recommend a secondary sighting system such as a J-Point or Docter Optic reflex sight mounted to the scope instead.
Long optics can be moved forward if mounted in a purpose-built mount such as the LaRue Tactical SPR/M4 mount.
Mounting optics on a flat-top upper requires the use of high rings to get the necessary height, unless a riser rail of some type is used. I see no reason to use a riser for the sake of using a riser, but there are excellent risers that extend the length of the top rail. Many hanguard systems also have a top rail that attaches to the flattop rail. Some manufacturers also offer uppers with taller rails built in.

Design #1: M16 "G-Series" Assault RifleOverview: The M16 rifle has come full circle by 2010. After the failure of the ObjectiveIndividual Carried Weapon program (and a host of other pre-Iraq small arms), courtesy of Pentagonhubris, the Army carried out a new program of progressive design improvements upon the older M16architecture and ergonomics. First and foremost was the elimination of the unreliable gasimpingement system in favor of a conventional gas piston arrangement similar to that used on theTaiwanese T85K2 rifle (a near M16 clone), followed by the adoption of the 6.8mm SPC as thestandard infantry round. The new rifle incorporated the M16A4s "integrated modular system" thatenabled it to quickly exchange the regular architecture of barrels, and sights, and triggers formission specific items. The Block II rifles (introduced in 2012) were fitted with a concealedPiccatinny rail for mounting a telescopic or low light sight as part of its role as a SquadDesignated Marksman (SDM) rifle. All versions retained the older 3 round burst capability torestrict excessive ammo expenditure and control muzzle climb.The 'G' in the rifle designation refers both to its conventional gas piston mechanism, and toactual diameter of its ammo (G is the seventh letter of the alphabet).Weapon Stats: Nation of Origin: USA Tech Level: 8 Ammo: 7.03x42.54mm-8 Muzzle Energy: 2758 Joules Weapon Length: 102 cm Weapon Weight: 3.718 kg unloaded, 4.55 kg loaded Weapon Price: Cr 728 Magazine Weight: 0.337 kg empty, 0.832 kg loaded Magazine Price: Cr 3.4 Ammo Price: Cr 0.33 (Ball), Cr 0.66 (DS and HE) Ammo Weight: 16.51 Grams Features: Flash Suppressor/Compensator

Design #4: M16G Sniper Rifle Overview: The first of Eugene Stoner's weapons was the 7.62mm AR-10, a weapon that was too late inintroduction to create any kind of impact upon military procurement. The AR-15/Colt Model 703became the US Army's standard infantry weapon after 1962, and the bigger bore weapon slipped intonear obscurity. In the late 1980s, Stoner went to work for Florida-based Knight Armament Systems,and brought the AR-10 design with him. Though Stoner died in 1997, KAS continued to develop theAR-10 into a marksman weapon, and in 2003 SOCOM adopted the "M16 Sniper Rifle" as their standard.The abandonment of the OICW program and cancellation of the XM8 threw a wrench in these plans, andKnight quietly redesigned the rifle with a gas piston system in anticipation of DoD's changes.When the M16 "G" was introduced, Knight immediately submitted their redesign, and after a caliberchange to the 6.8mm SPC, became the Army standard sniper rifle in 2011. Weapon Stats: Nation of Origin: USA Tech Level: 8 Ammo: 7.03x42.54mm-8 Muzzle Energy: 3059 Joules Weapon Length: 114.2 cm Weapon Weight: 4.312 kg unloaded, 5.114 kg loaded with bipod Weapon Price: Cr 1191 Magazine Weight: 0.337 kg unloaded, 0.802 kg loaded Magazine Price: Cr 3.4 Ammo Price: Cr 0.33 (Ball), Cr 0.66 (DS and HE) Ammo Weight: 16.51 Grams Features: Flash Suppressor, Telescopic and Optic Sight, Bipod (1.47 kg)Rnd ROF Dam Val Pen Rtg Blk Mag Recoil Shrt Rng Ball SA 4 2-3-Nil 7 30 3 130w/Bipod SA 4 2-3-Nil 7 30 1 160DS SA 4 1-2-6 7 30 3 150w/Bipod SA 4 1-2-6 7 30 1 200HE SA 4 Nil 7 30 3 90w/Bipod SA 4 Nil 7 30 1 120

M16/AR-15 based sniper weapon system

The M16/AR-15 based sniper weapon system is ideal for company level snipers and for squad designated marksmen. The sniper or DM is able to field a highly accurate sniper rifle that fires the same caliber ammunition as of the rest of his squad carries. A company level sniper or SDM must also be able to operate with his unit and fill a standard infantry role as a squad member. A traditional bolt-action sniper weapon is not ideal for clearing buildings and other close-in work that is common on today’s battlefields. I quickly found that the 20″ bull barreled M16, while heavier than an M4, is short and light enough that the shooter can dial the scope down to 2.5 power for CQB type work and yet quickly be ready to engage long distance targets. I fired several CQB courses prior to deploying to compare the match upper to the M4 upper. The heavy barrel stabilized the rifle and I could fire slightly faster and more accurately than I could with the short M4 upper. Controls are familiar to anyone who has trained with the M16 family of weapons. Because the rifle looks similar to rifles carried by the other infantrymen, the sniper is not as likely to stand out as a target.
The M16 based sniper rifle is also ideal as a spotter’s weapon. The spotter then has the defensive firepower of light semi-auto, with long-range capabilities to match his training should the need arise. The rifle can also be used as a backup for the sniper’s rifle should it become disabled for any reason.

solar inverter 3

What size do you need?

The size of the inverter that is best for your system depends greatly upon the power requirements of the appliances that you plan on operating. Note that you will likely be operating more than one appliance at any given time – make sure the continuous rating is high enough to handle this. Your inverter must also be able to handle a surge of many loads starting at the same time.
To decide what size you need, you should calculate the total of wattage that may be needed at any one time. Then, choose an inverter that has a slightly higher output.
The size of an inverter is measured by its maximum continuous output in watts. Again, make sure that the size rating of your inverter is larger than the total wattage of all the AC loads you are planning to run at one time.
Most appliances have some sort of label or owner’s manual that should tell you its wattage, but here is a formula for converting AC amps into watts (in case you only know the amps):
AC amps X 120 volts = watts
What are some common wattages of basic household devices?
Just to give you an idea, here is a list of some approximate watts that certain appliances in your home likely use:
• full size microwave – around 1400-1750 watts• coffee maker – 600 watts• stackable washer/dryer – 2500 watts• computer and monitor – 450 watts• blender – 450 watts• refrigerator – 360 watts
What is the difference between an inverter and a converter?
Basically, a converter takes AC and changes it to DC, while an inverter does the opposite – it takes DC and changes it to AC (in this way, an inverter is an inverted converter.)
Which kind of inverters are the best?
The cheapest ones are square wave inverters, but they are also the hardest to use and the least efficient. A modified sine wave inverter is better, but it does not necessarily work well with all appliances and equipment. It generally works well with many TVs, refrigerators, toaster, coffee makers, etc. It may not work well with digital clocks, light dimmers, and other such items. A true sine wave inverter, while a bit more pricey, produces AC power that is basically the same as what you get from your utility company.

What is automatic AC transfer switching?

If you have an inverter/charger, then it will likely incorporate an automatic transfer switch. This ensures that outside AC power is used when it is available. It will also switch the inverter from inverting mode to charging mode. This way, no stored solar electricity is lost. Instead, the batteries are charged by the outside power source.

solar inverter 2

Solar photovoltaic modules generate direct current (DC) electricity (they take the sun’s energy and convert it into DC electricity). However, the vast majority of electric current used in US households is alternating current (AC). This is why an inverter is necessary: it inverts DC into AC.
Direct current is an electric current that has a constant direction and a constant magnitude. An example of a source of direct current is batteries. With direct current, it is difficult to raise the voltage high enough for energy transfer and then lower it so that it is once again safe for domestic use. This makes it difficult to use for long-distance power transmission.
Alternating current, on the other hand, reverses direction and has a varying magnitude. By using transformers, it is easy to raise and also lower the voltage of alternating current. This means it can be kept at lower levels for both industrial and domestic use, but raised to high levels for transmission.

solar inverters

solar inverters

To explain how solar inverters work, we must start from the basics. The sun shines down onto photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are made of semiconductor layers of crystalline silicon or gallium arsenide, and they are arranged into panels.
The semiconductor layers are a combination of both positive and negative layers, and they are connected through a junction.
Basically, as the sun shines down, the semiconductor material absorbs the light, transferring the light’s energy to the PV cell. This energy knocks electrons loose, and they move from one layer to the other, thereby producing an electric current. This is a direct current (DC). The energy created is then generally either stored in a battery bank for later use or sent directly to an inverter, depending on the set up and type of system.
For regular consumer use, and alternating current (AC) is needed – 120 volt AC powered home appliances require AC electricity. This is where an inverter comes in. The inverter takes the direct current and, in simplified terms, runs it through a transformer. It is almost as though the inverter is tricking the transformer into thinking it is getting AC by forcing the DC to act in a way similar to AC – the inverter runs the DC through two or more transistors that are rapidly turned on and off and feeding two different sides of the transformer.
Sine Waves
The DC electricity produced in the PV cells does not have a wave form, but is rather a direct line (hence its name, direct current.) Basically, to become AC, it must become a sine wave (on an x-y graph, the sine wave rises from 0 to a positive point, then back down through zero to a negative point and back up to 0. This known as one cycle or a hertz – a regular sine wave has 60 hertz per second [the sine wave continues to repeat itself 60 cycles per second.])
The alternating current used by a city electric grid is a true sine wave. It runs smoothly up and down in an arced, wave-like motion. Of course, an inverter that produces a pure sine wave often costs more than other inverters – only higher quality solar inverters produce true sine waves.
A modified sine wave, on the other hand, rises up to the positive point and down to the negative point in steps – it looks like a stepped square wave. While many appliances will run on this type of sine wave, they may not run as well (e.g. while computers and TV’s will run, certain bread makers, microwaves, washer and dryers, etc. may have problems with the modified sine wave.) Also, items with motors will end up using more power when using a modified sine wave versus a true sine wave.
Note that the effectiveness of modified sine wave inverters (also known as quasi-sine wave inverters and modified square wave inverters) can vary between different inverters and can vary depending on the load. The least effective modified sine wave inverters are only useful for very basic appliances like toasters and appliances that use only a heating element.
In the case of inverters, the old adage is true: you get what you pay for.

Sniper rifle

In military and law enforcement terminology, a sniper rifle is a rifle used to ensure accurate placement of bullets at longer ranges than small arms. A typical sniper rifle is built for optimal levels of accuracy, fitted with a telescopic sight and chambered for a military centerfire cartridge. The term is often used in the media to describe any type of accurized firearm fitted with a telescopic sight that is employed against human targets.
The military role of sniper (a term derived from the snipe, a bird which was difficult to hunt and shoot) dates back to the turn of the 18th century, but the sniper rifle itself is a much more recent development. Advances in technology, specifically that of telescopic sights and more accurate manufacturing, allowed armies to equip specially-trained soldiers with rifles that would enable them to deliver precise shots over greater distances than regular infantry weapons. The rifle itself could be a standard rifle (at first, a bolt-action rifle); however, when fitted with a telescopic sight, it would become a sniper rifle.

solar cell

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a large area electronic[1] device that converts solar energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for solar energy. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.
Solar cells have many applications. Cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic calculators. Photovoltaic arrays generate a form of renewable electricity, particularly useful in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. Photovoltaic electricity is also increasingly deployed in grid-tied electrical systems. Similar devices intended to capture energy from other sources include thermophotovoltaic cells, betavoltaics cells, and optoelectric nuclear batteries.

ANti-tank AT4

The AT4 (also variously AT4 CS, AT4-CS, AT-4CS or just AT-4; an alpha-phonetic word play on the weapon's caliber of 84 mm[citation needed]; "CS" represents "Closed (or 'confined') Spaces" referring to the rocketry being designed to operate effectively from within buildings in an urban environment.[2] ) is a portable one-shot anti-tank weapon built in Sweden by Saab Bofors Dynamics (previously Bofors Anti Armour Systems). In the U.S. and NATO inventory, it replaces the M72 LAW (Light Anti-armor Weapon). Saab has had considerable sales success with the AT4, making it one of the most common light anti-tank weapons in the world. It is intended to give infantry units a means to destroy or disable armored vehicles and fortifications, although it is not generally sufficient to defeat a modern main battle tank (MBT). The launcher and projectile are manufactured prepacked and issued as a single unit of ammunition, rather than as a weapon system, with the launcher discarded after a single use.

Compressor 2

Reciprocating compressors

A motor-driven six-cylinder reciprocating compressor that can operate with two, four or six cylinders. Main article: Reciprocating compressor Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.[1][4] [5] Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1000 hp are still commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>5000 psi or 35 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, noisier, and more costly than comparable rotary units.[6]

Rotary screw compressors

Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space.[1][7][8] These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 3 hp (2.24 kW) to over 500 hp (375 kW) and from low pressure to very high pressure (>1200 psi or 8.3 MPa).

Rotary vane compressors

Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing which can be circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing.[1] Thus, a series of decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary Vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies. With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., 2 bar) for bulk material movement whilst oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.

Mechanism of a scroll pump

A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves.[9][10][11] They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid or gas between the scrolls. [edit] Diaphragm compressors Main article: Diaphragm compressor

A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in touch with the gas being compressed.[1] Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications. A three-stage diaphragm compressor The photograph included in this section depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.

Compressor 1

A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport liquids.

Contents

1 Types of compressors
1.1 Centrifugal compressors
1.2 Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
1.3 Axial-flow compressors
1.4 Reciprocating compressors
1.5 Rotary screw compressors
1.6 Rotary vane compressors
1.7 Scroll compressors
1.8 Diaphragm compressors
2 Temperature
3 Staged compression
4 Prime movers
5 Applications

Types of compressors
The main types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:


Centrifugal compressors
Main article: Centrifugal compressor


Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants.[1][2][3] Their application can be from 100 hp (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa).
Many large snow-making operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas turbines.

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
Main article: Diagonal or mixed-flow compressor
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to the axial direction. The diagonal compressor has a lower diameter diffuser than the equivalent centrifugal compressor.

Axial-flow compressors

Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like aerofoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact design.
The arrays of aerofoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating aerofoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary aerofoils, also known as a stators or vanes, turn and decelerate the fluid; preparing and redirecting the flow for the rotor blades of the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve operation.
Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants.

Rocket missile

A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) is a type of unguided rocket artillery system. Like other rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower rate of fire than batteries of traditional artillery guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.

Management : Kaizen Philosophy

Kaizen is a daily activity, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes.
People at all levels of an organization can participate in kaizen, from the CEO down, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role.
While kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual aligned small improvements and standardization yields large results in the form of compound productivity improvement. Hence the English usage of "kaizen" can be: "continuous improvement" or "continual improvement."
This philosophy differs from the "command-and-control" improvement programs of the mid-twentieth century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling are replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.

MILAN Missile : Anti-tank

MILAN (French: Missile d´infanterie léger antichar; English: Anti-Tank Light Infantry Missile, "milan" is French and German for "kite bird") is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962. It was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (Semi-Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA thermal sight, to give it night-firing ability.

84mm recoiless rifle- Anti-tank

The Carl Gustav (also Carl-Gustaf and M2CG) is the common name for the 84 mm man-portable multi-role recoilless rifle produced by Saab Bofors Dynamics (formerly Bofors Anti-Armour AB) in Sweden. The first prototype of the Carl Gustav was produced in 1946, and while similar weapons of the era have generally disappeared, the Carl Gustav remains in widespread use today. British troops refer to it as the Charlie G, while Canadian troops often refer to it as the 84 or Carl G. In US service it is officially known as the RAWS or Ranger Antitank Weapons System, but often called the Gustav or simply the goose by US soldiers. In Australia it is irreverently known as Charlie Gutsache (guts ache, slang for stomach pain). In its country of origin it is officially named Grg m/48 (Granatgevär or grenade rifle, model 48) but is sometimes nicknamed Stuprör (drainpipe) due to the fact that the weapon mainly consists of a long tube.

Infantry Anti tank- Armbrust, Matador

Armbrust (German: Crossbow) is a lightweight unguided anti-tank weapon designed and developed by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm of Germany, who later sold its manufacturing rights to Singapore. The Armbrust equips the Singapore infantry section with basic anti-tank capability.

Comparing the ARMBRUST (top) and MATADOR (bottom)

An Armbrust 67 mm projectile (via Iraq OIG)
The Armbrust is a recoilless weapon, and its design is one of the few weapons of its kind that may safely be fired in an enclosed space. The propellant charge is placed between two pistons with the projectile in front of one and a mass of shredded plastic in the rear. Unlike most recoilless weapons it is a true countershot weapon, the mass of the projectile is equal to the mass of the counterweight and they are ejected from the barrel at the same initial velocity. When the weapon is fired the propellant expands pushing the two pistons out. The projectile is forced out the front and the plastic out the back. The plastic disperses upon leaving the back of the barrel, and is quickly stopped by air resistance. The pistons jam at either end of the barrel locking the hot gases inside.
Its warhead can penetrate up to 300 mm of armoured steel.
Armbrusts are gradually being replaced by the Singapore-German-Israeli co-developed MATADOR, starting 2004.

MATADOR

MATADOR (Man-portable Anti-Tank, Anti-DOoR) is a 90 mm man-portable, disposable anti-armor weapon system developed by Singapore. It is an updated version of the German Armbrust design, and operates on the same principles. The development of this weapon began in 2000 and the MATADOR will eventually replace the German-Singaporean Armbrust Light Anti-tank Weapon which has been in service since the 1980s.[1]
The MATADOR was developed jointly by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and the Defence Science & Technology Agency (DSTA), in collaboration with Dynamit Nobel Defence (DND).[1]

M16 rifle with M203 40mm Grenade launcher

The M203 is a single shot 40 mm grenade launcher that attaches to a number of popular assault rifles, but was originally designed for the U.S. M16 and its variant, the M4 Carbine. In the U.S. military, when a rifle or carbine is equipped with the launcher, both weapons are collectively referred to as an M203. The launcher can also be mounted onto a C7, a Canadian version of the M16 that uses an optical scope instead of an iron sight. Stand-alone variants exist as do versions capable of being used on many other rifles. The device attaches under the barrel and forward of the magazine, the trigger being just forward of the rifle magazine. The rifle magazine functions as a hand grip when firing the M203. A separate sighting system is added to rifles fitted with the M203, as the rifle's standard sights are not matched to the launcher.

Military : M16 Assault Rifle

The M16 is a lightweight, 5.56 mm caliber, air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle, with a rotating bolt, actuated by direct impingement gas operation. The rifle is made of steel, aluminum, and composite plastics.
The US Air Force's rifle, the M16, and the US Army's rifle, the XM16E1, were the first versions of the M16 rifle fielded. Soon, the Army standardized the XM16E1 as the M16A1 rifle, an M16 with a forward assist feature requested by the Army. All of the early versions were chambered to fire the M193/M196 cartridge in the semi-automatic and the automatic firing modes. This occurred in the early 1960s, with the Army issuing it in late 1964.[2] Commercial AR-15s were first issued to Special Forces troops in spring of 1964.[3]

A U.S. soldier on NBC exercise, holding an M16A1 rifle and wearing an M40 Field Protective Mask NOTE: the receiver forward assist and the barrel flash suppressor.
The M16A2 rifle entered service in the 1980s, chambered to fire the standard NATO cartridge, the Belgian-designed M855/M856 cartridge.[2] The M16A2 is a select-fire rifle (semi-automatic fire, three-round-burst fire) incorporating design elements requested by the Marine Corps:[2] an adjustable, windage rear-sight; a stock 5/8-inch longer; heavier barrel; case deflector for left-hand shooters; and cylindrical hand guards.[2] The fire mode selector is on the receiver's left side. The M16A2 is still the primary rifle in the US Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, and still is in heavy use in the Army and Marine Corps.
The M16A3 rifle is an M16A2 rifle with an M16A1's fire-mode control (semi-automatic fire, automatic fire) used only by the U.S. Navy.
The M16A4 rifle was standard issue for the United States Marine Corps in Operation Iraqi Freedom; it replaced the M16A2 in front line units. In the US Army, the M16A2 rifle is being supplemented with two rifle models, the M16A4 and the M4 Carbine, as the standard issue battle rifle. The M16A4 rifle has a flat-top receiver developed for the M4 Carbine, a handguard with four Picatinny rails for mounting a sight, laser, night vision device, forward handgrip, removable handle, and a flashlight.
The M16 rifle is principally manufactured by the Colt and the Fabrique Nationale de Herstal arms companies, with the variant rifles made elsewhere in the world. Versions for the US military have also been made by H & R Firearms[4] General Motors Hydramatic Division[5] and most recently by Sabre Defence Industries. The semi-automatic versions of the M16 rifle, generally called the "AR-15" (Colt bought the nomenclature from Armalite), are popular, recreational shooting rifles, with versions manufactured by other small and large manufacturers in the US.

Military : A10 Thunderbolt aircraft

The A-10 Thunderbolt II is an American single-seat, twin-engine, straight-wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force to provide close air support (CAS) of ground forces by attacking tanks, armored vehicles, and other ground targets, with a limited air interdiction capability. It is the first U.S. Air Force aircraft designed exclusively for close air support.
The A-10's official name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt of World War II, a fighter that was particularly effective at close air support. However, the A-10 is more commonly known by its nickname "Warthog" or simply "Hog".[3] As a secondary mission, it provides airborne forward air control, guiding other aircraft against ground targets. A-10s used primarily in this role are designated OA-10.[4]

Science and Tech : Water Tech and Precision Engineering

Military :General Purpose Machine Gun

The MAG is a Belgian 7.62 mm general purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale (FN) by Ernest Vervier. It is used by almost 70 countries, in 25 of those countries it is a standard-issue support weapon, it was produced locally in 7 countries (Argentina, Egypt, India, Singapore, Taiwan, USA and the United Kingdom). The weapon’s name is an abbreviation for Mitrailleuse d`Appui Général[1] – "general purpose machine gun" (GPMG). The MAG is available in three primary versions: the standard, heavy infantry Model 60-20 machine gun, the Model 60-40 coaxial machine gun for armoured fighting vehicles and the Model 60-30 aircraft variant.

Design details

A U.S. Marine firing the British L7A2 version of the MAG.The MAG Model 60-20 is an automatic, air-cooled, gas-operated weapon that uses ignited powder gases vented through a port in the barrel to propel a gas piston rod connected to the locking assembly (it uses a short-stroke piston system). The barrel breech is locked with a vertically-tilting, downward locking lever mechanism that is connected to the bolt carrier through an articulated joint. The locking shoulder and camming surfaces that guide the locking lever are located at the base of the receiver. The MAG uses a series of proven design concepts from other successful firearms, for example the locking mechanism is modeled on that of the Browning M1918 (BAR) automatic rifle, and the feed and trigger mechanisms are from the WWII-era MG42 universal machine gun.

The MAG fires from an open bolt. Both the spring-powered extractor and ejector are contained in the bolt. After firing, spent cartridge casings are removed through an ejection port located at the base of the receiver (a spring-loaded dust cover of the MG42 type covers the ejection port). The machine gun has a striker firing mechanism (the bolt carrier acts as the striker as it contains a channel that houses the firing pin, which protrudes out from the surface of the bolt upon firing), an automatic-only trigger assembly and a manual cross-bolt push-button safety, which is located above the pistol grip. With the safety placed in the “safe” setting, the sear mechanism is disabled. The safety can only be engaged with the weapon cocked.

The weapon feeds from the left-hand side from open-link, metal ammunition belts: either the American disintegrating M13 belt (NATO standard) or the segmented German DM1 belt, whose 50-round sections can be linked together through a cartridge. In order to adapt the weapon to feed from one belt type to the other, several components of the feed mechanism need to be reconfigured since the position of the feed tray's cartridge stop and pawl angles in the top cover are different. The MAG features a pawl-type feeding mechanism that continues to move the feed link during both the rearward and forward cycles of the reciprocating bolt carrier, producing a smooth belt flow. The feeding mechanism’s three pawls are actuated by a roller connected to the bolt carrier. The feed channel rail, feed link, both feed slides and the feed tray are chrome plated. The top cover body is an anodized aluminum casting. In the infantry assault role, the weapon can be fitted with a sheet metal container that houses a 50-round belt and is attached to the left side of the receiver.

The quick-change barrel has a slotted flash suppressor. The barrel’s chamber and bore are chromium-lined and the barrel has 4 right-hand grooves with a 305 mm (1:12 in) rifling twist rate. Also attached to the barrel is the front sight base, carry handle and gas block (equipped with an exhaust-type gas regulator valve with three settings).

The machine gun is fitted with a folding bipod (attached to the end of the gas cylinder) that cannot be adjusted for height. The aluminum legs can be folded back for carrying or use as a forearm — and secured in slots under the receiver by their hooks and a spring-loaded catch. When firing from the hip, the bipod legs remain extended and the left leg is gripped for support. The bipod can be removed from the gas cylinder by tapping-out a roll pin in the gas cylinder head until it's flush and the bipod can be rotated enough to clear the gas cylinder's retaining lugs. The MAG is also equipped with a fixed wooden stock, pistol grip, carrying handle and iron sights that consist of a forward blade (adjustable mechanically for both windage and elevation) and a folding leaf rear sight with an aperture in the down position for firing distances from 200 to 800 m in 100 m increments and an open U-notch for ranges from 800 to 1,800 m graduated every 100 m. The rear sight is hinged to a base with protective ears that is integral with the receiver's upper forging.

The MAG’s receiver is constructed from sheet metal stampings reinforced by steel plates and rivets. The front is reinforced to accept the barrel nut and gas cylinder which are permanently mounted. Guide rails that support the bolt assembly and piston extension during their reciprocating movement are riveted to the side plates. The bolt's guide rails are shaped downward to drive the locking lever into engagement with the locking shoulder — also riveted to the side plates. The rear of the receiver has been reinforced and slotted to accept the butt-stock.
In the static machine gun role the weapon is mounted on a tripod that offers a higher degree of accuracy and control than the bipod, for example the FN 360° tripod, which features an elevation adjustment mechanism that enables the weapon’s bore axis to be maintained from 300 mm (11.8 in) to 600 mm (23.6 in), has a -30° to +15° elevation change and a 360° traverse range.

The vehicle-mounted variant of the MAG lacks a stock, bipod, carry handle, pistol grip and ejection port dust cover, it does however have a new closed-type gas regulator. Depending on the weapon’s employment, the machine gun can also be fitted with an extended charging handle linkage, standard trigger group (with a pistol grip), or a specialized trigger assembly with an electrically-fired trigger.
The pintle-mounted aircraft model is fed from either the right- or left-hand side exclusively with the M13 belt. Thus configured weapons typically lack standard iron sights and are equipped with electrically powered triggers.
The MAG fires the 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge. A variant was also produced for the Swedish Army (designated the Ksp 58), that was adapted to use the 6.5x55mm Mauser rifle cartridge.

Science and Tech : LED Lightings

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device which converts electricity into light. LED lighting has been around since the 1960s, but is just now beginning to appear in the residential market for space lighting. At first white LEDs were only possible by "rainbow" groups of three LEDs -- red, green, and blue -- by controlling the current to each to yield an overall white light.

This changed in 1993 when Nichia created a blue indium gallium chip with a phosphor coating that is used to create the wave shift necessary to emit white light from a single diode. This process is much less expensive for the amount of light generated.Each diode is about 1/4 inch in diameter and uses about ten milliamps to operate at about a tenth of a watt.

LEDs are small in size, but can be grouped together for higher intensity applications. LED fixtures require a driver which is analogous to the ballast in fluorescent fixtures. The drivers are typically built into the fixture (like fluorescent ballasts) or they are a plug transformer for portable (plug-in) fixtures. The plug-in transformers allow the fixture to run on standard 120 volt alternating current (AC), with a modest (about 15 to 20 percent) power loss.The efficacy of a typical residential application LED is approximately 20 lumens per watt (LPW), though efficacies of up to 100 LPW have been created in laboratory settings. Incandescent bulbs have an efficacy of about 15 LPW and ENERGY STAR® qualified compact fluorescents are about 60 LPW, depending on the wattage and lamp type. Some manufacturers claim efficacies much higher than 20 LPW; make sure to examine system efficacy, which accounts for the power use of all components.

In December 2006, the U.S. Department of Energy studied the efficacy of four luminaries. All four fell short of the manufacturers’ claims; the study implies that manufacturers are relying on measurements of how much light an isolated LED produces, rather than how much light an LED luminaire actually delivers.LEDs are better at placing light in a single direction than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. Because of their directional output, they have unique design features that can be exploited by clever designs.

LED strip lights can be installed under counters, in hallways, and in staircases; concentrated arrays can be used for room lighting. Waterproof, outdoor fixtures are also available. Some manufacturers consider applications such as gardens, walkways, and decorative fixtures outside garage doors to be the most cost-efficient.LED lights are more rugged and damage-resistant than compact fluorescents and incandescent bulbs. LED lights don't flicker. They are very heat sensitive; excessive heat or inappropriate applications dramatically reduce both light output and lifetime.